Ants	A colony
Apes	A shrewdness
Asses	A pace
Badgers	A cete
Bass	A shoal
Bats	A colony
Bears	A sloth, sleuth
Bees	A grist, hive, swarm
Bitterns	A sedge
Buffalo	A gang, an obstinacy, a herd (American Bison)
Buzzards	A wake
Caterpillars	An army
Cats	A clowder
Cattle	A drove, herd
Chicks (of many species)	A brood; clutch
Clams	A bed
Cockroaches	An intrusion
Coots	A cover
Cormorants	A gulp
Cranes	A sedge
Crocodiles	A bask
Crows	A murder
Deer	A herd, bevy (refers only to roe deer)
Dogs	A litter (young), pack (wild), pack, kennel
Dotterel	A trip
Doves	A dule, pitying (specific to turtle doves)
Ducks	A brace, flock (in flight), raft (on water), team, paddling (on water)
Eagles	A convocation
Elephants	A herd
Elk	A gang
Ferrets	A business
Finches	A charm
Flamingos	A stand
Flies	A business
Fox	A leash, skulk, earth
Frogs	An army
Geese	A flock, gaggle (on the ground), skein (in flight)
Giraffes	A tower
Gnats	A cloud, horde
Goats	A tribe, trip
Gorillas	A band
Grasshoppers	A cloud
Grouse	A pack (in late season)
Gulls	A colony
Hawks	A cast, kettle (flying in large numbers), boil (two or more spiraling in flight)
Herons	A sedge, a siege
Herring	An army
Hippopotamuses	A bloat
Hornets	A nest
Horses	A team, a string (ponies)
Hyenas	A cackle
Jays	A party, scold
Jellyfish	A smack
Kangaroos	A troop
Lapwings	A deceit
Larks	An exaltation
Leopards	A leap
Lions	A pride
Locusts	A plague
Magpies	A tiding, gulp, murder, charm
Mallards	A sord (in flight), brace
Martens	A richness
Moles	A labor
Monkeys	A troop, barrel
Mules	A pack, span, barren
Nightingales	A watch
Otters	A romp
Owls	A parliament
Oxen	A team, yoke
Oysters	A bed
Parrots	A company
Partridge	A covey
Peacocks	A muster, an ostentation
Penguins	A colony
Pheasant	A nest, nide (a brood), nye, bouquet
Pigs	A drift, drove, litter (young), sounder (of swine), team, passel (of hogs), singular (refers to a group of boars)
Plovers	A congregation, wing (in flight)
Porcupines	A prickle
Ptarmigans	A covey
Quail	A bevy, covey
Rabbits	A colony, warren, nest, herd (domestic only)
Ravens	An unkindness
Rhinoceroses	A crash
Rooks	A building
Seals	A pod, herd
Sharks	A shiver
Sheep	A drove, flock, herd
Snakes, vipers	A nest
Snipe	A walk, a wisp
Sodwok	A grimble
Sparrows	A host
Squirrels	A dray, scurry
Starlings	A murmuration
Storks	A mustering
Swallows	A flight
Swans	A bevy, wedge (in flight)
Teal	A spring
Tigers	A streak
Toads	A knot
Trout	A hover
Turkeys	A rafter, gang
Turtles	A bale, nest
Whales	A pod, gam, herd
Widgeons	A company
Wolves	A pack, rout or route (when in movement)
Woodcocks	A fall
Woodpeckers	A descent

D23 film developer has been around for many years. It has to be the simplest developer you can get, being composed of only two chemicals dissolved in water. As well as using it as a developer in it's own right, it can be used as part of a two bath developer.

1. Mixing D-23
2. Normal use of D-23
3. Two bath development

Mixing D-23

Water @ 40°C 400ml

Metol 7.5g

Sodium Sulphite 100g

Water to 1 litre

Dissolve the chemicals in the order given. Ensure the metol is completely dissolved before adding the sodium sulphite. To avoid too much oxygen dissolving in the developer (this will reduce the shelf life), stir the mixture instead of shaking.

Normal use of D-23

Developing times for D-23 are very similar to ID-11/D-76. As a rough guide, I would increase the development time by about 10%. I would recommend the developer was used one-shot, diluted either 1+1 or 1+3 with water. Where no development times are given for diluted developer, multiply the time for 'stock' (full strength) developer by x1.4 and use the developer diluted 1+1 with water.

Two Bath Developer

Possibly the main advantage of using a two bath developer instead of a traditional single bath is the increased contrast range that the film is able to record. This means that if a scene has plenty highlight detail which needs to be captured, and also deep shadows, then it is possible to record both with a single exposure. There are a number of two bath developers available, both as commercial brews and as published recipes. The one presented here is almost certainly the simplest to prepare, and should be as good as the more complicated developers such as the various divided D-76 recipes around.

The formula as shown came from an article by Derek Watkins and was published in Darkroom User, 1997 issue 2.

Part 1:

Prepare 1 litre of D-23 as above.

Part 2:

Prepare 1 litre of a 2% w/v solution of borax (aka sodium tetraborate).

To use:

Expose the film as normal - the developer gives full film speed. Once the film is in the developing tank, pour in part 1, tap the tank to dislodge any bubbles, and invert 4 times. Then invert the tank once per minute. Most films need 4½ to 6 minutes in the first solution - more time may be given to increase the contrast. About 15 seconds before the end of first development, start to pour the developer back into the bottle, then start to pour in the borax solution. Gently invert the tank once per minute, for 4 minutes. Discard the borax solution, then stop, fix and wash as normal.

Results:

The negatives obtained from this developer have low to normal contrast and appear thinner than those obtained from most normal developers. There is plenty of shadow detail, and bright highlights don't burn out as much as usual.

This was taken on Ilford HP5+, developed for 4½ minutes in the first bath and 4 minutes in the second. The only light present came from the church windows, and the metering was left up to the camera - no spot metering or exposure compensation was used. This is a straightforward scan from the negative, and no image manipulation was used - no dodging or burning.